Direct Speech Vs Indirect Speech

Three Kinds of Direct Speech displays

He said, “The first hero in Thai history was King Ram Kam Hang.” Type 1 He said, “The first hero in Thai history was King Ram Kam Hang.”

Type 2 “The first hero in Thai history was King Ram Kam Hang,” he said.

Type 3 “The first hero in Thai history,” he said, “was King Ram Kam Hang.”

How to use ‘Say and Tell’ We use ‘tell’ if we want to say who we are speaking to: Ex: Did you tell Nancy how to get there? 2. We use ‘say’ when we do not mention the person we are speaking to: Ex: All the doctors say there’s nothing wrong with me.

Change “Personal pronoun” Change “Nearness to Distance” Changing DS to IDS Change “Tense” Change “Personal pronoun” Change “Nearness to Distance” Change “Reporting verb”

Changing Tenses Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Past Continuous         Future Form                Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Future in the Past Forms He said, "I live in Paris." He said he lived in Paris. He said, "I am cooking dinner." He said he was cooking dinner. He said, "I have visited London twice." He said he had visited London twice. He said, "I went to New York last week." He said he had gone to New York the week before. He said, "I had already eaten." He said he had already eaten. He said, "I am going to find a new job." He said he was going to find a new job. He said, "I will give Jack a call." He said he would give Jack a call.

He said, "I live in Paris." = He said he lived in Paris. He said, "I am cooking dinner." = He said he was cooking dinner. He said, "I have visited London twice." = He said he had visited London twice. He said, "I went to New York last week." = He said he had gone to New York the week before. He said, "I had already eaten." = He said he had already eaten. He said, "I am going to find a new job." = He said he was going to find a new job. He said, "I will give Jack a call." =He said he would give Jack a call.

When do we change the tense? After a past-tense verb, there is often a tense change. If the statement is still up to date, then we have a choice to change or to maintain. If the statement is no longer up to date, then we change the tense. We usually change the tense if we think the statement is untrue or may be untrue.

Modal Verbs can He said, “I can go to school every day.” could He said (that) he could go to school every day. may He said, “I may go to school every day.” might He said (that) he might go to school every day. might He said, “I might go to school every day.”    must He said, “I must go to school every day.” had to He said (that) he had to go to school every day. have to He said, “I have to go to school every day.”    should He said, “I should go to school every day.” should He said (that) he should go to school every day. ought to He said, “I ought to go to school every day.” ought to He said (that) he ought to go to school every day

Nearness to Distance Direct Indirect this these now here ago tonight today last night yesterday last month last week next week tomorrow that those then, at that time there before that night that day the night before the day before, the previous day the month before the week before the following week the following day, the next day

Direct and Indirect Speech: Conclusion ประโยคขอร้อง, คำสั่ง, แนะนำ เวลาเปลี่ยนเป็น indirect speech ให้ใช้ ask, tell, advise ตามด้วย to+V1 (ไม่ใช้ say) Ex: Mr. John: “Student, will you open your books, please !” =Mr. John asked the students to open their books. EX: Carol: “Don’t buy that red shirt, Mary.” =Carol told Mary not to buy the red shirt. (ปฏิเสธใช้ not to) Ex: Mathew: “You’d better work harder.” =Mathew advised him to work harder.

(2) ประโยคคำถาม เวลาเปลี่ยนเป็น indirect speech ให้ใช้ ask, enquire, want to know ส่วน question word (how, where, when, why, what, who) ให้คงเดิม แต่ถ้าไม่มี question word ให้ใช้ if, whether แทน เช่น Ex: “Where has John left his bicycle?” I asked. =I asked where John had left his bicycle. Ex: Mary: “Do you like my new dress?” =Mary asked me if (หรือ whether) I liked her new dress.

(3) ถ้ากริยานอกเครื่องหมายคำพูดเป็น present simple กริยาในประโยคคำพูดให้คง tense เดิม เมื่อเปลี่ยนเป็น indirect speech เช่น Ex: Richard says, “I’m trying to get a new job.” =Richard says that he’s trying to get a new job. (say เป็น present simple จึงไม่ต้องใช้ past cont.) (4) ประโยคเงื่อนไขที่ตามหลัง wish, would, rather และ it’s time ให้คง tense เดิมเวลาเปลี่ยนเป็น indirect เช่น Ex: I’d rather she stayed home. =He said he’d rather she stayed home.(ไม่ต้องเปลี่ยน past perfect)

(5) if-clause ที่เป็น past simple เวลาเปลี่ยนเป็น indirect ไม่ต้องเปลี่ยนเป็น past perfect เช่น Ex: If I were rich, I would buy a car. =He said if he were rich, he would buy a car. (ไม่ใช้ had been) (6) กริยาช่วยต่อไปนี้ ให้คงรูปเดิมเสมอ คือ would, should, could, must, might, used to, ought to, had better Ex: “I would like to see my mother,” Mary told me. =Mary told me she would like to see her mother.