English for Public Administration Asst. prof. dr. natnicha hasoontree

What is Public Administration ? Public administration is like any other administration which is carried out in public interest. Before we dwell deeper into understanding public administration it would be beneficial to try and see how different authors have tried to define what administration is.

Meaning and its Definition Marx defines administration as - Administration is determined action taken in pursuit of a conscious purpose. It is the systematic ordering of affairs and the calculated use of resources aimed at making those happen which one wants to happen.

Meaning and its Definition Frederic k Lane defines administration as organizing and maintaining human and fiscal resources to attain a group’s goals.

According to L D White, Public administration consists of all those operations having for their purpose the fulfillment or enforcement of public policy. On the other hand as per Woodrow Wilson public administration is a detailed and systematic application of law. One can also say that public administration is nothing but the policies, practices, rules and regulation etc, in action.

Now can public administration be divorced from social and political systems; certainly not and therefore emerged another definition provided by F A Nigro who argues that public administration is essentially a cooperative group effort in public setting. Secondly, it covers all the three branches of government machinery, the executive, the legislative and the judicial. He further added that since public administration plays a crucial role in formulation of policies therefore it is a part of the political process as well (for e.g. Bills and Acts). Negro also said that public administration is different from private administration in numerous ways and that it interacts with various private groups and individuals in providing services to the community.

Also, on the nature of public administration there have been two popular views, one being the Integral view and the other one is the Managerial view. The Integral view is all encompassing and consists of sum total of all managerial, clerical, technical and manual activities and employees form all levels. This view was endorsed by L D White and Dimock. It may differ from one agency to another depending on their sphere of work. On the other hand the Managerial view, as the name suggests says that the public administration involves only the managerial activities. This view was supported by Simon, Smithburg, Thompson and Luther Gulick.

After having said that; the word administration itself is highly contextual, and may vary in meaning and definition from one organization to another. So if you want to understand it from the context and setting of an organization, it can be roughly explained that; the top leadership or the Board decides the vision, mission, short and long term goals and the business unit heads then draw out action plans and create or reform processes, allot responsibilities, direct planning, get people on board and start working towards achieving those set goals as per defined guidelines. So, the Board can be the Government and the Business Unit Heads and their teams can be the public administrators who are the implementers and actually the people who run the show.

In the next section we shall make an effort to understand whether public and private administrations are similar, different or are there any overlaps between the two.

Political Definitions of Public Administration Public administration is what government does. As a profession, public administration has developed values and ethical standards, but as an activity it merely reflects the cultural norms, beliefs, and power realities of its society. Public administration is the totality of the working day activities of all the world’s bureaucrats – whether they are legal or illegal, competent or incompetent, decent or despicable.

Political Definitions of Public Administration Public administration is both direct and indirect. Direct – provision of services like mortgage insurance, mail delivery, and electricity. Indirect – when the government pays private contractors to provide goods and services to citizens (space shuttle, dams).

Political Definitions of Public Administration Public administration is a phase in the policy- making cycle. Decisions and non decisions are public policy. Administration does not end with implementation because someone will always think it can be done better.

Political Definitions of Public Administration Public administration is implementing the public interest. The public interest is the universal label in which political actors wrap the policies and programs that they advocate. The public interest is a commonly accepted good. The rise of administrative discretion in the face of legislative vagueness means that the job of the anonymous administrator is to define the public interest.

Political Definitions of Public Administration Public administration is doing collectively that which cannot be done so well individually. The legitimate object of government [is] to do for a community of people, whatever they need to have done, but cannot do, at all, or cannot, so well do, for themselves – in their separate, and individual capacities – Abraham Lincoln. Twentieth century communications has given rise to “a revolution of rising expectations.”

Legal Definitions of Public Administration Because public administration is what a state does, it is both created and bound by an instrument of the law. Public administration is the law in action. Public administration is inherently the execution of a public law. Every application of a general law is necessarily an act of administration. In the United States, the Constitution of 1787 is the law of the land. All legislation must conform.

Legal Definitions of Public Administration Public administration is regulation. It is government telling citizens and businesses what they may or may not do. Regulation is one of the oldest functions of government. Code of Hammurabi – “The mason who builds a house which falls down and kills the inmate shall be put to death.” Driving to McDonald’s – regulation.

Legal Definitions of Public Administration Public administration is the king’s largesse. It is whatever goods, services, or honors the ruling authority decides to bestow (monarchy). Plaques and political machines.

Legal Definitions of Public Administration Public administration is theft. The primary culprit is redistribution. Ayn Rand – the only proper function of the government of a free country is to act as an agency which protects the individual’s rights. John Kenneth Galbraith – It is a simple matter of arithmetic that change may be costly to the man who has something; it cannot be so to the man who has nothing.

Managerial Definitions of Public Administration Public administration is so much a branch of management that many graduate schools of management (or business or administration) are divided into public and private – and now increasingly nonprofit – programs.

Managerial Definitions of Public Administration Public administration is the executive function of government. Government agencies put into practice legislative acts that represent the will of the people.

Managerial Definitions of Public Administration Public administration is a management specialty. Top managers make the big decisions and are responsible for the overall success of the organization. Public administrators are found in middle management, the group responsible for the execution and interpretation of top management policies and the day-to-day operation of an organizational unit.

Managerial Definitions of Public Administration Public administration is Mickey Mouse. Anything that requires considerable effort with few results. Often used to mean “red tape”, excessive formality and attention to routine. Red ribbon that official used to use to tie up public documents. Use because they promote efficiency and equity overall, although not always in individual cases.

Managerial Definitions of Public Administration Public administration is art, not science – or vice versa. Public administration is actually both. It requires judgment, panache, and common sense. It also requires technical skills that allow for the digestion and transference of information. Just because you have the academic credentials does not mean that you can function as a high level administrator.

The Evolution of Public Administration The core content Organization theory. Bureaucratic behavior. Personnel management. Public finance and budgeting. Policy analysis. Program evaluation. Administrative ethics.

Pre-test Choose the best answer. 1. Where can you see the artwork? a. the supermarket b. the gallery c. the temple d. the public park 2. Where can you see the water world? a. the aquarium b. the restaurant c. the bakery d. the beauty salon 3. Where can you buy some medicine? a. the floating market b. the food center c. the guesthouse d. the pharmacy 4. Where can you buy some food ingredients? a. the shopping mall b. the supermarket c. the warehouse d. the theater 5. This morning Sarah went to the bus station to book a…………. to Bangkok. a. Timetable b. ticket c. Seat d. air conditioned

6. Sarah will be staying in the…………. in the city center. a. Apartment b. shopping center c. Museum d. library 7. Sarah cashed a………….. in a bank near the bus station. a. Receipt b. statement c. ATM d. check 8. Her house is……….. of the street. a. at the end b. opposite c. straight on d. in front 9. The barber is……….. of Sun Street and West End Street. a. Beside b. at the corner c. Between d. across 10. The grocery store is………. the gift shop and the book store. a. Between b. next to c. Along d. right

11. Go………. this street. It’s on the left, next to the garage. a 11. Go………. this street. It’s on the left, next to the garage. a. close to b. behind c. straight on d. past 12. A: Excuse me. Where is the bank in the town? B: ……………… a. It’s not far from here. b. It’s right, close to the school. c. Go there by bus. d. Call a taxi. It’s very convenient. 13. A: Thank you for your help. a. That’s all. b. I know. Thanks any way. c. You’re welcome. d. No, thank you. 14. Which is the British English? a. Drugstore b. Apartment c. Shopping Mall d. Gas Station 15. Which is the American English? a. Theater b. Cinema c. Warehouse d. Sweet Shop

16. A: …………. Do you know where the bus station is. B: Yes 16. A: …………. Do you know where the bus station is? B: Yes. Turn left at the end of the street. Go straight for two blocks. It’s on your right, across the public park. a. Sorry to hear that. b. Excuse me. c. Nice seeing you. d. I’m afraid. 17. A: It’s not far from here. Just 10 minutes by taxi. B: ………… Thank you very much. a. Can you repeat that? b. One more time, please. c. I understand. d. Is that all? 18. A: Can you give me directions to the shopping mall? B: ……… Go down the street for three blocks. It’s right on the corner of the street. a. Sure not. b. Certainly not. c. Of course not. d. Absolutely. 19. What is it in English? a. Roundabout b. Intersection c. T-junction d. Zebra Cross 20.“Don’t use horn in this area.” Where can you see this instruction? a. On toll way b. Hospital area c. Near the bus station d. At the car park

1. Places to Visit Market Beach Drugstore Zoo Restaurant Temple Supermarket Mall Barber shop Beauty salon Bakery Library Gallery Aquarium Park Floating market

2. Prepositions of Place Preposition of Place คือ คำบุพบทบอกสถานที่ ได้แก่ 1. at = ที่  1.1 ใช้บอกตำแหน่ง บริเวณ หรือจุดย่อยของสถานที่ หรือหมายถึง สถานที่ในเหตุการณ์หนึ่งที่กล่าวถึง ได้แก่                     at  home          at the hospital         at school              at the theater                               at my desk       at the party             at the airport       at the market        1.2 ใช้ at กับบ้านเลขที่ , หมู่บ้าน , ตำบล เช่น                     His house is at 48 Ladprao Road. บ้านของเขาอยู่บ้านเลขที่ 48 ถนนลาดพร้าว             1.3 at + place on a journey (สถานที่ตามเส้นทางของการเดินทาง)                  This train stops at Lopburi. รถไฟขบวนนี้จอดที่ลพบุรี     นอกจากนี้ยังมีการใช้ at ในรูปวลีต่อไปนี้         at the top of …………..                ที่จุดสูงสุดของ………………..        at the bottom of ………………         ที่จุดต่ำสุดของ……………….         at the corner ( of )……………         ที่ตรงมุมของ……….., บริเวณมุมของ…………           เช่น Go straight on the street, then turn left at the corner.   ตรงไปตามถนนแล้วเลี้ยวซ้ายที่มุมถนน  

2. on = บน on the table ( บนโต๊ะ ) on the wall ( บนผนัง )               2.1 ใช้กับสิ่งที่อยู่บนพื้นผิว ( on a surface )  ของวัตถุหรือสถานที่ต่างๆ                 on the table ( บนโต๊ะ )  on the wall ( บนผนัง )    on the book ( บนหนังสือ )              2.2 ใช้กับชื่อถนน                 His office is on Silom Road. ที่ทำงานของเขาอยู่บนถนนสีลม              2.3 on + floor ( ชั้นของอาคาร )                     on the first floor              = บนชั้นที่ 1                      on the second floor          = บนชั้นที่ 2                    on the third floor             = บนชั้นที่ 3         สำนวนที่ควรทราบ                      on the beach            = บนชายหาด                      on the right / left       = ทางขวามือ / ทางซ้ายมือ                      on page                  = ที่หน้า ( หนังสือ )                      on the platform        = ที่ชานชาลาสถานีรถไฟ                      on the coast             = ชายฝั่ง                      on the bank of ……  = บนฝั่ง / ตลิ่งของ + ชื่อแม่น้ำ , ลำคลอง

3. in = ใน               3.1 เราใช้ in เมื่อเราพูดถึงภายในสถานที่นั้น โดยมีอย่างน้อย 3 ด้าน ล้อมรอบสิ่งนั้นอยู่             in a jug ( ในเหยือก )           in the cage ( ในกรง )     in the basket ( ในตะกร้า )              3.2 ใช้กับทิศทาง เช่น            in the north  ทางทิศเหนือ               in the south ทางทิศใต้            in the east    ทางทิศตะวันออก         in the west   ทางทิศตะวันตก              3.3 ใช้กับสถานที่ใหญ่ๆ ได้แก่ เมือง จังหวัด รัฐ ประเทศ ทวีป เช่น                in Bangkok , in London , in Texas , in America , in Asia          สำนวนที่ใช้ in                 in front of                        = ข้างหน้า                        in a book / newspaper    = ในหนังสือ / หนังสือพิมพ์                 in the field / garden       = ในทุ่งนา / ในสวน                       in the country               = ในชนบท                 in the middle of             = ในจุดกึ่งกลาง , ตรงกลางของ                  in bed                            = อยู่บนเตียง

exercises 1) He's swimming.......... the river. 2) Where's Julie? She's………. school. 3) The plant is………. the table. 4) There is a spider………. the bath. 5) Please put those apples………. the bowl. . 6) Frank is……… holiday for three weeks. 7) There are two pockets………. this bag. 8) I read the story………. the newspaper. 9) The cat is sitting……… the chair. 10) Lucy was standing………. the bus stop.

11) I'll meet you………. the cinema. 12) She hung a picture………. the wall 11) I'll meet you………. the cinema. 12) She hung a picture………. the wall. 13) John is……… the garden. 14) There's nothing……… TV tonight. 15) I stayed………. home all weekend. 16) When I called Lucy, she was………. the bus. . 17) There was a spider………. the ceiling. 18) Unfortunately, Mr. Brown is………. hospital. 19) Don't sit the table! Sit………. a chair. 20) There are four cushions………. the sofa.

3.Asking for Directionsการถามทาง A: Hello! Can I help you ? B: Certainly. Can you tell me how to get to the fitness center, please ? A: Sure. Take the No. 19 bus on this street. The fitness center is across from Central Shopping Mall. A: I see. How long does it take to get there ? B: 15 minutes by bus. Please use an overpass, otherwise you will be fined. A: Thank you for your help.

การเริ่มต้นซักถามเส้นทางหรือสถานที่ ใช้ภาษาง่าย ๆ ดังนี้ การเริ่มต้นซักถามเส้นทางหรือสถานที่ ใช้ภาษาง่าย ๆ ดังนี้ 1. Excuse me.  Can you tell me where the hospital is? 2.  Excuse me.  Where is the hospital ? 3.  Excuse me. Please tell me how to get to the hospital.  ทั้ง 3 ประโยคมีความหมายว่า "ขอโทษครับ พอทราบไหมครับว่าโรงพยาบาลอยู่ที่ไหน"ถ้าท่านต้องการถามที่อื่น ๆ ก็เปลี่ยนจาก the hospital เป็นสถานที่ที่ท่านต้องการไปนะครับ การบอกทางไป  ใช้ภาษาง่าย ๆ ดังนี้ บอกจุดเริ่มต้นเสียก่อนด้วยคำพูดว่า From here,  จากจุดนี้นะครับ From the provincial stadium, จากสนามกีฬากลางจังหวัด (จะเริ่มต้นจากตรงไหนก็เปลี่ยนคำที่ขีดเส้นใต้นะครับ)(มีข้อคิดอยู่ว่านอกจากเริ่มต้นจากจุดที่เรายืนอยู่แล้ว ควรเริ่มต้นจากจุดที่ เป็นที่รู้จักกันโดยทั่วไป)

เริ่มบอกทางไป ใช้ภาษาง่าย ๆ ดังนี้ เริ่มบอกทางไป  ใช้ภาษาง่าย ๆ ดังนี้ 1.  Turn left.  เลี้ยวซ้าย 2.  Turn right.  เลี้ยวขวา 3.  Turn left at the gate.  เลี้ยวซ้ายตรงประตูทางเข้า 4.  Turn right at the traffic light.  เลี้ยวขวาตรงไฟเขียวไฟแดง 5.  Go straight. (Go straight ahead.)   ตรงไป 6.  Go straight to the traffic light.  ตรงไปจนถึงไฟเขียวไฟแดง 7.  Go straight about 500 meters.  ตรงไปประมาณ 500 เมตร 8.  Go straight until youn reach the main road.  ตรงไปจนถึงถนนใหญ่ 9.  Take the U-turn.  เลี้ยวกลับ หรือ ยูเทอร์นนั่นเอง 10.  Take the U-turn at the traffic light.  เลี้ยวกลับตรงไฟเขียวไฟแดง

เมื่อถึงแล้ว ใช้ภาษาง่าย ๆ ดังนี้ 1.  It's on the right. อยู่ทางขวามือ 2.  It's on the left.  อยู่ทางซ้ายมือ 3.  It's at the front.  อยู่ข้างหน้าเลย 4.  It's opposite the gas station.  อยู่ตรงข้ามปั๊มน้ำมัน 5.  it's near the 7 - eleven shop. อยู่ใกล้ร้านเซฟเว่นอีลเลฟเว่น 6.  It's next to the temple. อยู่ต่อจากวัดไป (อาจเปลี่ยนจาก It's เป็น You will see it ก็ได้) อย่าลืมขอบคุณ Thank you.เมื่อเขาบอกทางแล้ว และเมื่อเขาขอบคุณเราก็อย่า ลืมตอบว่าไม่เป็นไรครับ/ค่ะ You're welcome.

Exercise Read this map and fill in the blanks.

4.Imperatives Imperative ประโยคคำสั่ง จะใช้กริยาinfinitive (กริยาที่ยังไม่ได้กระจาย) นำหน้าประโยค เช่น Come again. Sit down. ในการสั่งห้ามไม่ให้กระทำ เราจะใช้ Don’t ( Do not )นำหน้า กริยา เช่น Don’t come again. Don’t sit down.

4. Traffic signs

Traffic signs

Traffic signs

Traffic signs

Post-test Choose the best answer. 1. Where can you see the artwork? a. the supermarket b. the gallery c. the temple d. the public park 2. Where can you see the water world? a. the aquarium b. the restaurant c. the bakery d. the beauty salon 3. Where can you buy some medicine? a. the floating market b. the food center c. the guesthouse d. the pharmacy 4. Where can you buy some food ingredients? a. the shopping mall b. the supermarket c. the warehouse d. the theater 5. This morning Sarah went to the bus station to book a…………. to Bangkok. a. Timetable b. ticket c. Seat d. air conditioned

6. Sarah will be staying in the…………. in the city center. a. Apartment b. shopping center c. Museum d. library 7. Sarah cashed a………….. in a bank near the bus station. a. Receipt b. statement c. ATM d. check 8. Her house is……….. of the street. a. at the end b. opposite c. straight on d. in front 9. The barber is……….. of Sun Street and West End Street. a. Beside b. at the corner c. Between d. across 10. The grocery store is………. the gift shop and the book store. a. Between b. next to c. Along d. right

11. Go………. this street. It’s on the left, next to the garage. a 11. Go………. this street. It’s on the left, next to the garage. a. close to b. behind c. straight on d. past 12. A: Excuse me. Where is the bank in the town? B: ……………… a. It’s not far from here. b. It’s right, close to the school. c. Go there by bus. d. Call a taxi. It’s very convenient. 13. A: Thank you for your help. a. That’s all. b. I know. Thanks any way. c. You’re welcome. d. No, thank you. 14. Which is the British English? a. Drugstore b. Apartment c. Shopping Mall d. Gas Station 15. Which is the American English? a. Theater b. Cinema c. Warehouse d. Sweet Shop

16. A: …………. Do you know where the bus station is. B: Yes 16. A: …………. Do you know where the bus station is? B: Yes. Turn left at the end of the street. Go straight for two blocks. It’s on your right, across the public park. a. Sorry to hear that. b. Excuse me. c. Nice seeing you. d. I’m afraid. 17. A: It’s not far from here. Just 10 minutes by taxi. B: ………… Thank you very much. a. Can you repeat that? b. One more time, please. c. I understand. d. Is that all? 18. A: Can you give me directions to the shopping mall? B: ……… Go down the street for three blocks. It’s right on the corner of the street. a. Sure not. b. Certainly not. c. Of course not. d. Absolutely. 19. What is it in English? a. Roundabout b. Intersection c. T-junction d. Zebra Cross 20.“Don’t use horn in this area.” Where can you see this instruction? a. On toll way b. Hospital area c. Near the bus station d. At the car park