Operations as a Transformation Process Feedback INPUT Material Machines Labor Management Capital OUTPUT Goods Services TRANSFORMATION PROCESS

Productivity Productivity = Output Input

Productivity = Outputs ÷ Inputs การผลิต Productivity = Outputs ÷ Inputs 1) Labor Productivity = Units Of Product Labor Cost 2) Multiple Productivity = Units Produced X Unit Price L + M + OH

Productivity improves when firms: Output Input Productivity improves when firms: Become more efficient Downsize Expand Retrench Achieve breakthroughs

Historical Events in OM Industrial Revolution Scientific Management Human Relations Management Science Quality Revolution Globalization Information Age/Internet Revolution

Industrial Revolution Historical Events in OM Industrial Revolution Steam engine 1769 James Watt Division of labor 1776 Adam Smith Interchangeable parts 1790 Eli Whitney Scientific Management Principles 1911 Frederick W. Taylor Time and motion studies 1911 Frank & Lillian Gilbreth Activity scheduling chart 1912 Henry Gant Moving assembly line 1913 Henry Ford

Historical Events in OM Human Relations Hawthorne studies 1930 Elton Mayo Motivation theories 1940s Abraham Maslow 1950s Frederick Hertzberg 1960s Douglas McGregor Management Science Linear programming 1947 George Dantzig Digital computer 1951 Remington Rand Simulation, PERT/CPM, 1950s Operations research Waiting line theory groups MRP 1960s Joseph Orlicky, IBM

Historical Events in OM Quality Revolution JIT 1970s Taiichi Ohno, Toyota TQM 1980s W. Edwards Deming, Joseph Juran, et. al. Strategy and operations Skinner, Hayes Reengineering 1990s Hammer, Champy World Trade Organization 1990s Numerous countries and companies Globalization European Union and 1970s IBM and others other trade agreements EDI, EFT, CIM 1980s

Historical Events in OM Information Age/ Internet Revolution Internet, WWW, ERP 1990s ARPANET, Tim Supply chain Berners-Lee, SAP, i2 management, Technologies, ORACLE, E-commerce PeopleSoft, Amazon, Yahoo, eBay, and others

การบ้าน สัปดาห์ที่ผ่านมาพนักงานขาย ๓ คน ขายรถได้ ๑๐ คัน ใช้เวลาทำงาน ๕ วันๆละ ๘ ชั่วโมง ทีมงานผลิตชิ้นงานได้ ๕๐๐ หน่วย ราคาขายหน่วยละ ๒๐ บาท ฝ่ายบัญชีได้แจ้งว่าสิ้นค้าที่ผลิตมีต้นทุนดังนี้ ค่าแรง ๓๐๐ บาท ค่าวัตถุดิบ ๑,๐๐๐ บาท ค่าโสหุ้ย ๕๐๐ บาท