Energy, environment, justice Chris Greacen Sheila Bijoor Palang Thai www.palangthai.org

Outline Problems Solutions? Global warming (only part of the “energy-environment crisis”) Causes Impacts Solutions? Saving energy Renewable energy

Getting hotter:1000 years of global temperature the past decade was the warmest in 1,000 years, the 1990s are the warmest decade ever, and 1998 set the benchmark for the warmest year yet.

Global temperature dramatically increases, especially during the last decade and scientists predicts the future surface temperature to be … ช่วงที่มีการสังเกตการณ์ Projections in the next 100 years During the last 100 years ในรอบ 1,000 ปีที่ผ่านมา Source: IPCC, 2001 See http://www.ipcc.ch/present/graphics/2001syr/small/05.24.jpg

1. ประเด็นทางวิทยาศาสตร์ การกระจายของอุณหภูมิผิวโลกเฉลี่ยโดยประมาณ

Greenhouse effect – how greenhouse gases make the world hotter

How the world gets hotter

Carbon Dioxide - The Last 10,000 years Measurements are shown from ice cores (symbols with different colours for different studies) and atmospheric samples (red lines).

Rising CO2 – measured since 1958 The greenhouse gas of greatest concern is CO2, which is released with the burning of fossil fuels.

Power sector accounts for 38% of global CO2 emissions

Man-made CO2 in 2002 (% of total) Source: IEA

Per Capita CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry, 1996 Thailand (1997): 0.77

Cumulative CO2 emissions 1900-1999 From fossil fuel combustion and land-use change From WRI (Baumert and Kete 2002)

Per capita income (PPP) 1999 From WRI (Baumert and Kete 2002)

The Champagne Glass Human Development Report 1992 UNDP, Human Development Report, 1998

Electricity use in Thailand in 2003 Source: Figure 19, Statistical Report Fiscal Year 2003 Power Forecast and Statistics Analysis Department System Control and Operation Division. Report No. SOD-FSSR-0404-05

N NE C Metro S แม่เมาะ 2,625 MW เทินหินบุน 214 MW สิริกิติ์ 500 MW EPEC 350 MW บางปะกง 3,675 MW บ่อวิน 713 MW TECO 700 MW ราชบุรี 3,645 MW IPT 700 MW ระยอง 1,232 MW Metro เขต กทม. พระนครใต้ 2,288 MW หนองจอก 366 MW S ขนอม 824 MW รัชชประภา 240 MW ระบบส่ง 230,000 โวลต์ ระบบส่ง 500,000 โวลต์ สุราษฎร์ 240 MW โรงไฟฟ้าพลังความร้อน โรงไฟฟ้าพลังน้ำ โรงไฟฟ้าพลังความร้อนร่วม บางลาง 72 MW โรงไฟฟ้ากังหันแก็ส

Small residential customers use very little

Some effects of climate change… Snow on Mt. Kilmanjaro (Kenya) almost all melted within the past 7 years 1993 (2536) 2000 (2543) Source: IUCN

Polar ice melting กรีนแลนด์ บริเวณขั้วโลกเหนือ Ice melting areas Albedo Effect กรีนแลนด์ บริเวณขั้วโลกเหนือ Ice melting areas Source of picture: bbc.co.uk

Source: Government of South Australia, 2005 See http://www

Impacts: flooding & sea-level rise

Impact on Bangladesh of sea rise of 1.5 meters Source: UNEP/GRID See http://www.grida.no/climate/vital/33.htm

Apart from CO2 reduction, adaptation is needed…

ปริมาณฝนเฉลี่ยในคาบ 50 ปี ของไทย

อุณหภูมิสูงสุดเฉลี่ยในคาบ 50 ปี ของไทย

อุณหภูมิต่ำสุดเฉลี่ยในคาบ 50 ปี ของไทย

Impacts: extreme weather events

Economic impacts -- especially from extreme weather “2005 Atlantic hurricane season has clearly been the most active season on record” www.pewclimate.org/hurricanes.cfm#5

Impacts: in parts of the world -- less rain, less crops

ฤ massive influx of fresh water could alter the ocean's salt content and eventually impact the great ocean circulatory systems that regulate the planet's climate.

Source: BBC UK, 2005; UNEP, 2006 See http://www. grida

Climate change used to justify… BIG DAMS Ecological/social damage from flooding Decimated fish stocks Especially impacts rural politically disempowered (Often does cause climate change)

NUCLEAR Expensive Waste deadly for at least 250,000 years We can’t figure out how to dispose of waste Unavoidable weapons linkages

Global warming is only a tiny part of the energy/ecology/society story… One large shopping mall (average consumption): 10 Megawatt Pak Mun Dam (average production): 40 Megawatt Fish stocks decimated 10 years of protest, 5000 villagers Communities forcefully relocated

Are there alternatives? … yes… Save energy Use clean (renewable) energy

(Real) Buddhist values Moderation / simplicity Emphasis on “being” rather than “having”

Energy waste in a typical pumping system

Saving electricity is cheaper than generating it Demand Side Management (saving electricity) Source: The World Bank (1993)

household and daily activities GHGs emissions from household and daily activities ที่มา : Australian Greenhouse Office (2003) See http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/gwci/index.html

Electricity consumption in households Source: www.greenpeace.org

ปลูกสร้างอาคารให้สอดคล้องกับทิศการรับความร้อน ปลูกต้นไม้ให้ความร่มรื่น และช่วยลดอุณหภูมิ South ที่มา : Australian Greenhouse Office (2003)

California energy conservation programs save $1000 per family/year Estimate some of the causes of this 2%/year gain. Each year, the cost of conservation programs, public interest R&D, and standards adds ~1% to electric bills, but cuts 1/2% off the bill. So an investment of $1 in say 1990 saves $.50 per year for 10 to 20 years. Calif annual electric bill in 2004 ~ $32 B, so we’ve avoided ~$16 B of bills, but net saving is only ~$12B/year, i.e. $1000/family/yr.

Source: Presentation by Ministry of Energy at Energy Strategy Workshop chaired by Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra. 28 August 2003

Very little electricity comes from renewables… 0.6% from Renewable Energy Source: EGAT PDP 2003

Energy efficient end-use Old way New way Power plant Power plant Biomass Wind power Biomass Solar Customers Energy efficient end-use

Biogas from Pig Farms Reduces air and water pollution Produces fertilizer Produces electricity Biogas from Pig Farms

Biogas from Pig Farms 5000 pigs  $31 / day elec.

Korat Waste to Energy - biogas Uses waste water from cassava to make methane Produces gas for all factory heat (30 MW thermal) + 3 MW of electricity Earns high market returns Developer estimates 300 MW from waste water + 800 MW from wet cake

Korat Waste to Energy - biogas 3 x 1 MW Jenbacher gas generators

Micro-hydroelectricity This diagram shows the main components of stand-alone micro-hydroelectric systems of the type used in remote villages in Thailand. A small weir diverts water to a power canal or pipe. After traveling horizontally some distance, the water enters a forebay where sediment settles, and then falls down a steep, high pressure penstock pipe to drive a turbine located in the powerhouse. Water returns to the river via the tailrace. Because these projects are quite small and typically have little or no reservoir, environmental impact is much less than for conventional hydroelectric projects. Source: Inversin, A. R. (1986). Micro-Hydropower Sourcebook.

40 kW micro-hydro generator at Mae Kam Pong

Replacing small diesel generators with renewable energy

Kre Khi village micro-hydro 2003

Kre Khi village Microhydro Estimated power: 500 Watts Head: 8 meters Flow: 20 liters/second Total Installed cost: $2500

E Wi Jo village microhydro Estimated power: 750 Watts Head: 20 meters Flow: 20 liters/second Total installed cost: <$2000

3 kW Pump as Turbine

Community micro-hydro Mae Kam Pong village, Chiang Mai 40 kW Community cooperative Expected gross revenues: $750/month

What to do? Get informed Get involved: Public hearings Help make alternatives happen Save energy Meeting to discuss village micro-hydro renewable energy project in Mae Kam Pong Village, Chiang Mai

Thank you! For more information contact: Tel. (+011) 662-672-0364 chris@palangthai.org sheila@palangthai.org www.palangthai.org Download presentation slides & documents at: http://www.palangthai.org/docs/index