Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets สัปดาห์ที่ 9 การบริหารทรัพย์สินเครื่องและ โปรแกรมคอมพิวเตอร์ กระบวนวิชา ระบบสารสนเทศเพื่อการจัดการ (Management Information System)

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets คอมพิวเตอร์ที่ความสามารถ ( ในการ ประมวลผลและเก็บข้อมูล ) ระดับใดที่องค์กร ของเราต้องการใช้งาน เพื่อจัดการสารสนเทศ และ ธุรกรรมทางธุรกิจ ? จะจัดเตรียมคอมพิวเตอร์และการประมวลผล แบบใดที่จะสร้างประโยชน์สูงสุดให้แก่องค์กร ของเรา ? โปรแกรมคอมพิวเตอร์และเครื่องมือ อรรถประโยชน์ชนิดใดที่เราต้องการเพื่อ นำมาใช้ในธุรกิจของเรา เกณฑ์ใดที่เราต้องมี เพื่อนำมาใช้คัดเลือกเทคโนโลยีซอฟท์แวร์ ? วัตถุประ สงค์

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets OBJECTIVES เทคโนโลยีโปรแกรมคอมพิวเตอร์ใหม่ๆ แบบใดที่เราควรทำความรู้จัก ? เทคโนโลยีโปรแกรมคอมพิวเตอร์จะสร้าง ประโยชน์ให้กับองค์กรของเราอย่างไร ? เราจะจัดหาให้ได้มาและบริหารจัดการ ทรัพย์สินเครื่องและโปรแกรมคอมพิวเตอร์ (hardware และ software) ขององค์กร อย่างไร ?

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Hardware Components of a Computer System Figure 6-1

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE The Computer System คอมพิวเตอร์รู้จักข้อมูลในลักษณะใด Bit Binary digit Represents smallest unit of data in the form of either 0 or 1 Byte String of bits, usually eight  “Byte” Stores one number or character

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Bits and Bytes Figure Characters are represented by one byte for each letter. 1or0One bit One byte for character A

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE The CPU and Primary Storage Central Processing Unit (CPU) Manipulates symbols, numbers, and letters มีหน้าที่ในการจัดการสัญลักษณ์ ตัวเลข ตัวอักษร Controls other parts of the computer system ควบคุมการทำงานของอุปกรณ์อื่นๆ ที่อยู่ใน เครื่อง Bus สายวงจรที่ทำหน้าที่ถ่ายโอนข้อมูลระหว่าง อุปกรณ์

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE The CPU and Primary Storage Primary Storage (Main Memory) Temporarily stores program instructions เก็บข้อมูลและโปรแกรมหรือ ชุดคำสั่งไว้ชั่วคราวสำหรับการ ประมวลผล Data Bus เส้นทางในการถ่ายเทข้อมูล Address Bus เส้นทางในการบอกตำแหน่ง ข้อมูล Control Bus เส้นทางส่งสัญญาณควบคุมการ ทำงานของอุปกรณ์

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE The CPU and Primary Storage Figure 6-3

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Primary Storage Stores Software program being executed เก็บชุดคำสั่งชั่วคราวเพื่อรอ การประมวลผลหรือโปรแกรม ที่กำลังทำงานอยู่ Operating system programs เก็บโปรแกรมระบบปฏิบัติการ ในการบริหารจัดการเครื่อง คอมพิวเตอร์ Data being used by program ข้อมูลจะถูกเก็บไว้ใน หน่วยความจำหลักก่อนการ ประมวลผล

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU): performs the computer’s principal logic and arithmetic operations Control Unit: coordinates and controls the other parts of the computer system CPU

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE RAM: Random Access Memory Directly accesses any randomly chosen location in the same amount of time ใช้บันทึกข้อมูลและโปรแกรมในช่วง ระยะเวลาสั้นๆ ในขณะที่โปรแกรม กำลังทำงาน ใช้ได้เฉพาะตอนที่มี ไฟฟ้าเท่านั้น ข้อมูลในชิพประเภทจะ สูญหายทันทีเมื่อไฟฟ้าดับ ROM: Read Only Memory Semiconductor memory chips with program instructions, cannot be written to เป็นชิพที่ทำหน้าที่เก็บข้อมูลไว้ใน ตัวเองอย่างถาวร ไม่สามารถเขียน เข้าหรือลบทิ้งได้ ส่วนใหญ่ใช้เก็บ ข้อมูลหรือโปรแกรมสำหรับการบู้ธ เครื่อง Primary Storage

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Computer Processing Microprocessors Integrated circuit technology (IC-Technology) Integrates the computer’s memory, logic, and control on a single chip Processing Power ( ปัจจัยที่ระบุความสามารถในการประมวลผล ) 1.Word Length ความเร็วในการอ่านข้อมูล (64 Bit > 32 Bit) 2.Clock Speed ระยะเวลาที่ใช้ในแต่ละวงรอบเครื่อง (1.5 GHz > 4.47 MHz) 3.Data Bus Width ความกว้างของดาต้าบัส (64 Bit > 32 Bit) Pentium 4 (1.5 GHz) มีความเร็ว Clock Speed = 1,500 ล้านรอบต่อวินาที มี Word Length = 32 Bit หรือ 4 byte ต่อวงรอบเครื่อง มี Data Bus Width = 64 Bit

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Computer Processing Parallel Processing Problem broken down into smaller parts Multiple instructions processed simultaneously with multiple processors

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Sequential and Parallel Processing Figure 6-4

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets Magnetic disk: Floppy disk, Hard disk Optical disks: CD-ROM, DVDs Magnetic tape: Inexpensive, older secondary- storage medium New storage alternatives: Storage Area Networks (SANs) COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Secondary Storage Technology

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE A Storage Area Network (SAN) Figure 6-5

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Input and Output Devices

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Input and Output Devices

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets Batch processing Transactions accumulated and stored until processing มีประโยชน์กับการรวบรวมข้อมูลที่ต้องเก็บไว้ ประมวลผลพร้อมๆกัน เช่น ผลงานพนักงาน กำไร สุทธิรายวัน รายเดือน งบการเงินรายเดือน รายปี On-line processing Transactions are entered directly into computer and processed immediately เหมาะกับการประมวลผลที่ต้องการทราบผล ในทันที เช่น การเบิกเงิน ระบบจองตั๋วต่างๆ COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Batch and On-Line Input and Processing

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE A Comparison of Batch and On-line Processing Figure 6-6

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets Integrates two or more types of media into a computer- based application as Text, Graphic, Sound, Voice, Images, Animation Used in interactive Web pages with graphics, sound, animation, video Games, e-Learning, e-Newspaper, e-Conference Multi-media website –Streaming Video –MP3 (Motion Picture Experts Group, audio player3) COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE Interactive Multimedia

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets Mainframes: Largest computer, massive memory, rapid processing power Midrange computers: Less powerful, less expensive, and smaller than a mainframe Server: Provides software and other resources to computers over a network CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS Classifying Computers

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets Minicomputers: Middle-range computer, used in universities, factories, or research laboratories Server Farm: Large group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor, available for electronic commerce and other activities CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS Classifying Computers

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets Personal Computer (PC): Small desktop or portable computer Workstation: Desktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities Supercomputer: Highly sophisticated and powerful, performs complex computations CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS Classifying Computers

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets Computer Networks and Client/Server Computing Distributed processing: Distribution of processing work among multiple computers ( ระบบการกระจายกัน ประมวลผล )Distributed processing: Distribution of processing work among multiple computers ( ระบบการกระจายกัน ประมวลผล ) Centralized processing: Accomplished by one large central computer ( ระบบการประมวลผลที่ ศูนย์กลาง )Centralized processing: Accomplished by one large central computer ( ระบบการประมวลผลที่ ศูนย์กลาง ) Client/server computing: Splits processing between “clients” and “servers” on network ( ระบบการ ประมวลผลแบบมีผู้ให้บริการและผู้รับบริการ ซึ่งกำลังเป็นที่นิยม )Client/server computing: Splits processing between “clients” and “servers” on network ( ระบบการ ประมวลผลแบบมีผู้ให้บริการและผู้รับบริการ ซึ่งกำลังเป็นที่นิยม ) CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets Client/Server Computing CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS Figure 6-7

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets Types of Client/Server Computing CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS Figure 6-8

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets Network Computers and Peer-to-Peer Computing Network computer (NC): Simplified desktop computer, does not store data permanentlyNetwork computer (NC): Simplified desktop computer, does not store data permanently Peer-to-peer computing: Distributed processing that links computers through Internet or private networksPeer-to-peer computing: Distributed processing that links computers through Internet or private networks Grid computing: Applies computational resources of many networked computers to solve a large, complex problemGrid computing: Applies computational resources of many networked computers to solve a large, complex problem CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets BREAK!!!

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets Software program: Series of statements or instructions to the computerSoftware program: Series of statements or instructions to the computer System software: Generalized programs, manages computer’s resourcesSystem software: Generalized programs, manages computer’s resources Application software : Programs written to perform functions specified by end usersApplication software : Programs written to perform functions specified by end users TYPES OF SOFTWARE The Major Types of Software

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets TYPES OF SOFTWARE The Major Types of Software Figure 6-9

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets Operating system System softwareSystem software Manages and controls computerManages and controls computer TYPES OF SOFTWARE System Software and PC Operating Systems

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets Functions of the operating system Allocates and assigns system resourcesAllocates and assigns system resourcesจัดสรรทรัพยากร Schedules use of computer resourcesSchedules use of computer resourcesจัดคิวการทำงานให้อุปกรณ์ Monitors computer system activitiesMonitors computer system activitiesตรวจตราการทำงานของอุปกรณ์ Provides locations in primary memory for data and programsProvides locations in primary memory for data and programs ให้พื้นที่ในหน่วยความจำหลักเพียงพอต่อ ข้อมูลและโปรแกรม Controls the input and output devicesControls the input and output devices ควบคุมอุปกรณ์ Input และ Output TYPES OF SOFTWARE System Software and PC Operating Systems

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software AssetsMultiprogramming Executes two or more programs concurrently using the same computer สามารถใช้โปรแกรมจำนวนมากกว่า 1 ใน ทรัพยากรคอมพิวเตอร์เครื่องเดียวกันได้อย่าง มีประสิทธิภาพ CPU executes only one program but services the input/output needs of othersCPU executes only one program but services the input/output needs of others หน่วยประมวลผลจะทำงานเพียงครั้งละ 1 โปรแกรม แต่สามารถให้บริการอุปกรณ์อื่นๆ ได้พร้อมๆ กัน ด้วยกันผลัดกันเข้าใช้หน่วย ประมวลผล TYPES OF SOFTWARE System Software and PC Operating Systems

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software AssetsMultitasking Multiprogramming capability of single- user operating systemsMultiprogramming capability of single- user operating systems Virtual Storage Handles programs more efficiently by dividing the programs into small fixed or variable lengthHandles programs more efficiently by dividing the programs into small fixed or variable length TYPES OF SOFTWARE System Software and PC Operating Systems

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets Time Sharing Sharing of computer resources by many users simultaneouslySharing of computer resources by many users simultaneouslyMultiprocessing Executing two or more instructions simultaneously in a single computer using multiple central processing unitsExecuting two or more instructions simultaneously in a single computer using multiple central processing units TYPES OF SOFTWARE System Software and PC Operating Systems

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets Language translation and utility software Translates high-level language programs into machine languageTranslates high-level language programs into machine language TYPES OF SOFTWARE System Software and PC Operating Systems

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets GUIs in contemporary PC operating systemsGUIs in contemporary PC operating systems Windows XPWindows XP Microsoft’s Windows 98 and MeMicrosoft’s Windows 98 and Me Windows 2000Windows 2000 TYPES OF SOFTWARE PC Operating Systems and Graphical User Interfaces

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets Windows.NET serverWindows.NET server UNIXUNIX Linux: open-source softwareLinux: open-source software TYPES OF SOFTWARE PC Operating Systems and Graphical User Interfaces

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets Programming languages: evolved from machine language to high-level languages for business and scientific workProgramming languages: evolved from machine language to high-level languages for business and scientific work Important programming languages for business today: COBOL, C, C++, and Visual BasicImportant programming languages for business today: COBOL, C, C++, and Visual Basic TYPES OF SOFTWARE Application Software and Programming Languages

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets Fourth-generation language: Can help end users develop software with little or no assistance from IS specialistsFourth-generation language: Can help end users develop software with little or no assistance from IS specialists Natural languages: Close to human languageNatural languages: Close to human language Query languages: Provide immediate on-line answers to requestsQuery languages: Provide immediate on-line answers to requests TYPES OF SOFTWARE Fourth-Generation Languages

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets Object-oriented programming Approach to software development that combines data and procedures into a single objectApproach to software development that combines data and procedures into a single object Visual programming Construction of software programs by selecting and arranging programming objectsConstruction of software programs by selecting and arranging programming objects CONTEMPORARY TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT Object-Oriented Programming

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets Class and inheritance Figure 6-10

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets Programming languageProgramming language Delivers the software functionality needed for a particular taskDelivers the software functionality needed for a particular task Runs on any computer and operating systemRuns on any computer and operating system CONTEMPORARY TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT Java

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): Page description language, creates Web pages and other hypermedia documentsHypertext Markup Language (HTML): Page description language, creates Web pages and other hypermedia documents XML (eXtensible Markup Language): Describes the structure of a document, supports links to multiple documents, allowing data to be manipulated by the computerXML (eXtensible Markup Language): Describes the structure of a document, supports links to multiple documents, allowing data to be manipulated by the computer CONTEMPORARY TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and XML

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets PC software tools: Word Processing Software, Spreadsheets, Data Management Software, Presentation GraphicsPC software tools: Word Processing Software, Spreadsheets, Data Management Software, Presentation Graphics Other productivity software: , groupware, Web browsersOther productivity software: , groupware, Web browsers TYPES OF SOFTWARE Application Software Packages and Productivity Software

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets Figure 6-11 TYPES OF SOFTWARE Word Processing Software

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets TYPES OF SOFTWARE Spreadsheet Software Figure 6-12

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets TYPES OF SOFTWARE Data Management Software Figure 6-13

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets Enterprise software Set of integrated modules for major business functionsSet of integrated modules for major business functions Allows data to be used by multiple functions and business processesAllows data to be used by multiple functions and business processes TYPES OF SOFTWARE Software for Enterprise Integration

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software AssetsMiddleware Allows two disparate applications to communicate to exchange dataAllows two disparate applications to communicate to exchange data Web server Manages requests for Web pages on the computer where they are storedManages requests for Web pages on the computer where they are stored TYPES OF SOFTWARE Software for Enterprise Integration

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets Enterprise application integration software Ties together multiple applications to support enterprise integrationTies together multiple applications to support enterprise integration TYPES OF SOFTWARE Software for Enterprise Integration

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets TYPES OF SOFTWARE Middleware Figure 6-14

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets Capacity planning: Process of predicting the computing powerCapacity planning: Process of predicting the computing power Scalability: Ability of a computer, product, or system to expand and to serve without breaking downScalability: Ability of a computer, product, or system to expand and to serve without breaking down MANAGING HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ASSETS Hardware Technology Requirements for Electronic Commerce and Digital Firm

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets Designates the total cost of owning technology resourcesDesignates the total cost of owning technology resources Includes initial purchase costs, cost of hardware and software upgrades, maintenance, technical support, and trainingIncludes initial purchase costs, cost of hardware and software upgrades, maintenance, technical support, and training MANAGING HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ASSETS Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of Technology Assets

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets On-line storage service providers Third-party providers that rent out storage space to subscribers over the WebThird-party providers that rent out storage space to subscribers over the Web Allow customers to store and access dataAllow customers to store and access data Application service providers (ASPs)Application service providers (ASPs) Provide software that can be rented by other companiesProvide software that can be rented by other companies MANAGING HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ASSETS Rent or Build Decisions: Using Technology Service Providers

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets Other types of service providers Management service providers and business continuity service providers Management service providers and business continuity service providers Utility computing “Pay as you go” model” where firms pay only for the information technology resources they actually use during a specified period“Pay as you go” model” where firms pay only for the information technology resources they actually use during a specified period MANAGING HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ASSETS Rent or Build Decisions: Using Technology Service Providers

Management Information Systems 8/e Managing Hardware and Software Assets Managing Hardware and Software Assets MANAGING HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ASSETS Figure 6-15 or NAS)secure network connection.