Introduction to Microprocessors
Microprocessor Image - PC Perspective.
A Brief History x86 Processors
Main Player Santa Clara, California, USA
Rival #1 Sunnyvale, California, USA
Rival #2 Taipei, Taiwan
First Microprocessor Intel 4004 (1971) 4 Bits 0.74 MHz 2,300 Transistors 10 Micron
4004 Application Busicom* 141-PF Calculator
Same computing power as the ENIAC = Intel 4004
Intel 8086/8088
Test Drive I : Runs well on a 8088 machine
80x86
The Pentium Era
3.8GHz60MHz 65 nm0.25 um
Intel’s mistake 1 Focus too much on Clock Speed
Clock Speed Analogy เกียร์ต่ำ 20 Pipeline Stages เกียร์สูง 10 Pipeline Stages
How a Pipeline Works
10 Stages vs 20 Stages
Downside of high pipeline stages
Intel’s mistake 2 64 Bit CPU Not Backward Compatible
AMD’s Successful Athlon Processors Better Performance per Watts Backward Compatible 64 Bit System
The return of Intel
Multicore Era
Current CPU Kings Core™ i7-4960X 6 Cores, 4 GHz, 15 MB L2 Cache 22 nm Process, 130Watts. Transistor counter 1,860 Million US$999 AMD FX Cores, 5.0 GHz, 8 MB L2 Cache 32 nm Process, 220Watts Transistor Count 1,200 Million US$195
Source: vr-zone.com
AMD + ATI = Fusion CPU + GPU = APU (Accelerated PU) + GPUCPU = APU
Power per Watt: A new measure for CPU performance Intel ATOM 2-6.5W AMD Jaguar (Fusion) 1-10W VIA Nano 5-25W
ATOM Processor’s Silicon
Micro-controller? PIC8051, AVRPSoCMSP430
Limitations of a microprocessor Needs external components. Memory, controllers, etc. Not suitable for embedded applications Intel 4004
4001 = ROM 4002 = RAM 4003 = Shift Registers 4004 = CPU © 2009 Nigel Tout
The 8088 Motherboard
Ti-TMS1000 (1974) TMS 1000 was the first microcontroller Combined RAM, ROM, Clock on a single chip 0.3MHz ROM 1KB RAM 32B
The TI Spelling B Instructions ask you to spell words and the machine will buzz when you got it right
Intel MCS-48 (1977) Intel’s first MCU 11 MHz ROM 1 KB RAM 64B Later became the popular MCS-51
MCU vs MPU Development: Processing Speed in MHz YearMCUMPU
Where do they live?
MCU in Automobiles
Performance 4 MIPS at 20 MHz 76,383 MIPS at 3.2 GHz Ref:
Power Consumption Ref: Microchip, Intel 130 Watts 0.15 Watts
Price Ref: Microchip, Sharkyextreme.com 1, ,000 Baht ,000 Baht
Right tool right job Self contained Limited resources Used for a specific job Low power Low cost Needs Chipsets Large Memory, fast clock rates More general purpose Requires more power More expensive MicrocontrollerMicroprocessor
What does the iPhone use?
iPhone 3GS Internals
iPhone4 Circuit
iPhone 4S & iPhone 5 Circuit
2x the speed of the A6
A6 SoCA5 SoC
A6 Processor CPU 1.3 GHz Memory Controller RAM 1 GBytes Flash Memory 64 GBytes Graphics Processing I/O Controller Sensor Ports A4 Chip WiFi, Audio Controller
Microcontroller (i.e. PIC16F886) CPU 20 MHz Memory Controller RAM 368 Bytes Flash Memory 8 KBytes Graphics Processing I/O Controller Sensor Ports
Mixed Design Sometimes called System on a Chip (SoC) MCUMPU
Conclusions ในยุคต้นมุ่งเน้นการเพิ่มความเร็วเป็นหลัก ปัจจุบันมุ่งไปที่ performance per watt มากขึ้น เทคโนโลยีการผลิตที่สูงขึ้นทำให้ Multi-core CPU เป็นที่นิยม ทิศทางใหม่ๆ ของการพัฒนาแบ่งเป็น การรวมศูนย์อุปกรณ์ต่างๆ ไว้ใน Processor มากขึ้น เกิดการแตกสาย Processor เพื่อเจาะ กลุ่มเป้าหมายต่างๆ มากขึ้น