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Memory Organization Microprocessor and Interfacing 261313
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CPU 8088 10 MHz 8/16 Bit 1M RAM
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CPU 80486 66 MHz 32 Bit 8M RAM
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Pentium 133 MHz 32 Bit 16M RAM
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Pentium MMX 200 MHz 32 Bit 48M RAM
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Pentium II 366 MHz 32 Bit 128M RAM
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Pentium M 1.6 GHz 32 Bit 512M RAM
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Core2 Duo 2.0 GHz 32/64 Bit 4G RAM
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Core i5 1.33 – 1.86 GHz 32/64 Bit 4G RAM
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What has changed the least?
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MHzRAM CPU Bits
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What does “Bits” mean?
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A CPU “bits” is typically defined by: ALU Size How many bits can be computed at one time? Bus Size How many bits can be transferred on the bus? Memory Address Size How many address bits are in the instruction?
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How many bits Is this PIC CPU?
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.................... int16 i;........................................ i=1; 0017: BCF 03.6 0018: CLRF 22 0019: MOVLW 01 001A: MOVWF 21.................... i = i+2; 001B: MOVLW 02 001C: ADDWF 21,F 001D: BTFSC 03.0 001E: INCF 22,F 16-bit operation on a 8-bit CPU Microchip PIC16 series
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.................... int16 i;........................................ i=1; 0017: BCF 03.6 0018: CLRF 22 0019: MOVLW 01 001A: MOVWF 21.................... i = i+2; 001B: MOVLW 02 001C: ADDWF 21,F 001D: BTFSC 03.0 001E: INCF 22,F 01 01
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16-bit operation on a 16-bit CPU Microchip PIC24 series.................... int16 i;........................................ i=1; 00210: MOV #1,W4 00212: MOV W4,802........................................ i = i+2; 00214: MOV 802,W4 00216: ADD W4,#2,W4 00218: MOV W4,802
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ระบบ 32 Bit กำลังเจอ ทางตัน ?
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RAM ใหญ่ที่สุดที่ระบบ 32 bit มองเห็นมีค่าเป็น เท่าใด ?
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Memory Limit of 32bit Machines = 4 Giga Bytes
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How to support bigger memory? 1.Upgrade to 64-bit systems 64-bit OS64-bit CPU
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Limitation of moving to 64-bit systems Need 64-bit Hardware Drivers Applications need to be re-compiled with a 64-bit compiler
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How to support bigger memory? 2. Expand existing bits
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วิธีแก้ปัญหาของ Intel Physical Address Extension (PAE) 4 bits32 bits = 64 GB
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PAE Support CPU with PAE (Since P-Pro) PAE Aware OS
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Benefits of PAE Backward Compatible Limitations Taking advantage of the added memory still requires changes in the software
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Memory Limit of 64 Bit Machines?
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How big can we get? 1 kilobyte 1 megabyte 1 gigabyte 1 terabyte 1 petabyte 1 exabyte 1 zettabyte 1 yottabyte 1 xonabyte 1 wekabyte 1 vundabyte 1,024 1,048,576 1,073,741,824 1,099,511,627,776 1,125,899,906,842,624 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 1,237,940,039,285,380,274,899,124,224 1,267,650,600,228,229,401,496,703,205,376 1,298,074,214,633,706,907,132,624,082,305,024 2 64 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 ~ 18 exabyte
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ปี Amount of RAM (GB) in a typical computer About 4TB in 2025
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64-Bit Architectures IA-64 AMD 64, EM64T Or X86-64 True 64bit CPU Hybrid 32/64 bit CPU
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A hybrid 32/64 bit system Has the benefits of a 64-bit programs Can also run older 32-bit programs 32-Bit programs will not benefit from the 64- bit architecture Architecture not as clean as true 64-bit systems
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สองเรื่องน่ารู้เกี่ยวกับ หน่วยความจำของ PIC Microcontroller
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1. When Memory Grows Beyond Anticipation ( เมื่อหน่วยความจำขยายโต เกินคาด )
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1.1 การอ้างอิงตำแหน่งใน Flash Memory
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0x500 คำสั่ง 0x501CALL 0x900 …… 0x900 คำสั่งถัดไป What is wrong with this call command?
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K = 11 bit Maximum memory = 2^11 = 2K Bytes
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PIC 16F877 has 8K Flash Memory: How do we access all of it? PCLATH (F# 0x0A) Bit 3-4 in PCLATH are used for memory access 07 Total Memory becomes 2^13 = 8K Bytes 4 3
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Creating a 13 bit memory address PCLATH 07 01012 CALL or GOTOk (Literal) 0101113 13 Bit Memory Address OPCODE 4 3
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PIC Flash Memory is Divided in to 4 Pages of 2KBytes 2K 01012
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0x500 คำสั่ง 0x501CALL 0x900 …… 0x900 คำสั่งถัดไป Fix this program
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Address 0x900 exceeds 11 bits 0101 01012 0x900 = 000000000 0x1000x01
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0x4FFBCF PCLATH, 4 0x500BSF PCLATH, 3 0x501CALL 0x100 …… 0x900 คำสั่งถัดไป 0101 01012 0x900 = 000000000 0x1000x01
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