1 Stability studies of amphetamine and ephedrine derivatives in urine อาจารย์ที่ปรึกษา อ. ดร. พัลลพ คันธิยงค์ นางสาวดรุณรัตน์ แก้วมูล รหัสนักศึกษา

Stability studies of amphetamine and ephedrine derivatives in urine By C. Jim enez, R. de la Torre M. Ventura,J. Segura,R. Ventura

Introduction Knowledge of the stability of drugs in biological fluids is critical for proper interpretation of analytical results

thermal chemical degradation, matrix degradation metabolism, hydrolysis transport, handling or sample storage conditions Losses of analys

Stability testing can be used

explain discrepancies between reanalyses long after initial analyses determine time limits that must be imposed between the collection and analysis of samples for pharmacokinetic studies identify the optimal storage conditions

DHHS Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing (USA) 1998 retain all confirmed drug positive urine least 1 year in frozen storage

Introduction None psychostimulants like ephedrine derivatives. Ephedrine / amphetamine derivatives are included in the list of prohibited substances

Sample ephedrine derivatives ephedrine, norephedrine, methylephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and norpseudoephedrine amphetamine derivatives (amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4- methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA))

Sample Sterile sample –Long term –Shot term Non Sterile sample (MDMA and methamphetamine) –Long term –Shot term

Sterile samples Long-term stability 4 ◦C and -20 ◦C / at - 80 ◦C as reference 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 12, 18 and 24 months. Short-term stability 37 ◦C / at −20 ◦C for comparison purposes. 3 and 7 days.

non Sterile samples Long-term stability 4 ◦C and -20 ◦C / at initial concentration as reference value for comparison 6 months Short-term stability 37 ◦C / at −20 ◦C for comparison purposes. 7 days.

Preparation of Sterile samples Blank urine 2 ml + sodium azide (0.1%, w/v) clarified by filtration (three different filters) spiked standard distributed in aliquots under sterile conditions

Preparation of non Sterile samples Blank urine 2 ml + sodium azide (0.1%, w/v) clarified by filtration (three different filters) spiked standard distributed in aliquots under sterile conditions in a laminar

Samples analyzed Calibration samples were prepared in duplicate A control sample (three replicates) was analyzed in each analytical batch replicates of each aliquot of sample were analyzed at random in the analytical batch

Precision and accuracy three different concentration three replicates of control urine samples Precision was expressed as the relative standarddeviation (R.S.D.%) accuracy was expressed as the relative standard error (R.E.%)

Calculations The Dixon’s test (α = 5%) detect outliers in the replicates (n = 5) of each aliquot ANOVA test (α = 5%) Homogeneity, adsorption of the analytes on the sterilizing filter and stability compare concentrations obtained at each storage condition with a reference value (concentration of aliquots of sample stored at the reference condition).

Analysis of ephedrine derivatives gas chromatograph (HP 5890 series II)

Analysis of amphetamine derivatives HP 6890 series gas chromatograph HP 5973 mass selective detector

Results

coefficients (r2) up to in all calibrations ephedrine derivatives LOQ 0.4 ug/mL ug/mL recoveries between 50% and 70%.

coefficients (r2) up to amphetamine derivatives LOQ 71.0 ng/mL ng/mL recoveries >60% for amphetamine and MDA, and >90% for methamphetamine and MDMA.

Precision and accuracy Both methods good precision and accuracy <20 % for the low-concentration control urine samples <15 % for the medium and high concentration control urine samples.

adsorption of the analytes on the sterilizing filter not statistically significant (p > 0.05) (data not shown), indicating that all the sample batches prepared for stability testing were homogeneous. 4

Long-term stability

-10 % %

MDA 4 C 4%

Shot -term stability

Long-term stability

did not show a significant decrease (p < 0.05)

Discussion Moody et al. no significant change in analytes concentration for up to 17 months. Other studies have also demonstrated the stability of these drugs in non-preserved urine at different time and temperature conditions.

Hughes et al. reported t he stability of amphetamine and methamphetamine in spiked urine samples stored at 4 ◦C for up to 6 months

Discussion For long-term stability statistically significant only observed for the ephedrine derivatives at some of thestorage conditions tested not exceed the intra-assay precision of the corresponding analytical methods

Dugan et al studied the stability in clinical samples tested before and after 1 year of storage at −20 ◦C, [8]

Paul et al. investigated the effect of freezing (at −16 ◦C to −18 ◦C) on the concentration of amphetamine and methamphetamine in spiked urine samples stored for 45 days. In the same way, our observations are also in accordance with those obtained by

Clauwaert et al. who demonstrated the stability of MDMA and MDA in non-preserved urine samples stored at −20 ◦C, 4 ◦C and 20 ◦C for 21 weeks.

ephedrine and amphetamine derivatives sterile samples can be stored at the least. 4 ◦C for up to 24 months for non-sterile samples can be stored at the least. 4 ◦C for up to 6 months for

Discussion The methodology presented when applied to other analytes may help to determine optimal storage conditions for urine samples to be used as reference materials and for positive urine samples that should be retained in drug- testing and antidoping control laboratories

The study demonstrates the feasibility of preparing certificate reference materials of successfully studied analytes. This is of special interest for those analytes for which a cut-off concentration has been established as positivity criterion for reporting adverse analytical findings, such as amphetamine derivatives in drugs of abuse testing, and ephedrine, methylephedrine and cathine in antidoping control.

ความเห็นที่มีต่องานวิจัย สามารถนำไปใช้ในการเลือกสภาวะในการ เก็บรักษาสิ่งส่งตรวจที่เหมาะสม สำหรับการ นำมาตรวจวิเคราะห์ซ้ำ ปัจจุบันเครื่อข่ายนิติพิษวิทยา แห่งประเทศ ไทยมีเกณฑ์การเก็บรักษาสิ่ ส่งตรวจเพื่อตรวจวิเคราะห์ซ้ำ โดยกำหนดให้ มีระยะเวลาในการเก็บรักษาสิ่งส่งตรวจไม่ น้อยกว่า 6 เดือน

ความเห็นที่มีต่องานวิจัย นำไปใช้ประกอบการพิจารณาแปลผลการตรวจ วิเคราะห์ เพิ่มความน่าเชื่อถือของผลการตรวจวิเคราะห์ เป็นตัวอย่างที่ดีของห้องปฏิบัติการที่แนะนำให้ ใช้ reference materials เพื่อความน่าเชื่อถือ ของผลการตรวจวิเคราะห์ และสามารถอ้างอิง ได้