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วิชากฏหมายทะเล The Law of the Sea
วิชาว่าด้วยอนุสัญญาสหประชาชาติว่าด้วยกฎหมายทะเล พ.ศ. 2525 The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 โดย อ.ดร. นวพร เสนีย์วงศ์ ณ อยุธยา
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เนื้อหากฏหมายในวิชา อนุสัญญาสหประชาชาติว่าด้วยกฎหมายทะเล พ.ศ (The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982) (UNCLOS) อะไรคือกฎหมายทะเล “กฏหมายมหาชนระหว่างประเทศว่าด้วยทะเล” ส่วนสำคัญต่างๆในกฏหมายทะเล บางส่วนถูกกล่าวมาบ้างแล้วในวิชากฏหมายระหว่างประเทศแผนกคดีเมือง
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UNCLOS Maritime Boundary Navigation Exclusive Economic Zone
Continental Shelf High Sea The Area (Universal Participation in the Convention?) Protection of the Marine Environment Marine Scientific Research Settlement of Disputes
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Sources of International Law
According to ICJ Statute Article 38 "1. The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply: international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states; international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations; subject to the provisions of Article 59, [.e. that only the parties bound by the decision in any particular case,] judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law.”
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Historical aspect of the principle governing the sea
Mare Liberum - Freedom of the Sea (Hugo Grotius 1608) Dutch’s view - Grotian’ s book on the right of the States to use the sea ‘free for all, belonging to none’ Mare Clausum – Closed sea (John Seldon 1635) The English’s view – The state practice of dominion over the sea
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Historical aspect of the principle governing the sea
The Cannon rule for the territorial sea By mid-20th Century – The reappear of Mare Clausum - Truman Proclamation – inherent right of the continental shelf 200 nm - The case concerns the territorial sea (Fisheries Case UK. v. Norway) - Military/Navy -> extension
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Before UNCLOS 1982 – 3 conferences
The 1st Conference in 1958 resulting in the adoption of some conventions in relation to the sea The Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone The Convention on the Continental Shelf The Convention on the High Seas The Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas and the Optional Protocol of Signature concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes
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Before UNCLOS 1982 – 3 conferences
UNCLOS II (17 March — 26 April 1960) UNCLOS III => Provides a detailed introduction to the negotiations, a history of sessions from and finally becomes the UNCLOS 1982 Entered Into force: November 16, 1994 Parties: 168 164 UN member states (No USA) UN Observer State Palestine Cook Islands Niue (NEW-ay) European Union No. 168: Azerbaijan (16 June 2016) No. 162: ??? (15 May 2011)
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Status of UNCLOS 1982
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Significance On 1 November 1967, Malta's Ambassador to the United Nations, Arvid Pardo, addressed the UN GA. A call for “an effective international regime over the seabed and the ocean floor beyond a clearly defined national jurisdiction” To regulate all aspects of the resources of the sea and uses of the ocean, and thus bring a stable order to mankind's very source of life. Principle of ‘Common Heritage of Mankind’ UN Secretary: "Possibly the most significant legal instrument of this century“
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What does the UNCLOS represent?
The work from the long standing negotiation from developed State and developing States. The Collection of the State Practice on the maritime boundary that are accepted as the Customary International Law (CIL). The Ocean Constitution? Is there any loophole in the UNCLOS?
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