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งานนำเสนอกำลังจะดาวน์โหลด โปรดรอ
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Introduction to Microprocessors http://mango.e-cpe.org
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Microprocessor Image - PC Perspective. http://pcper.com
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A Brief History x86 Processors
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Main Player Santa Clara, California, USA
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Rival #1 Sunnyvale, California, USA
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Rival #2 Taipei, Taiwan
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First Microprocessor Intel 4004 (1971) 4 Bits 0.74 MHz 2,300 Transistors 10 Micron
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4004 Application Busicom* 141-PF Calculator
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Same computing power as the ENIAC = Intel 4004
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Intel 8086/8088
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Test Drive I : Runs well on a 8088 machine
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80x86
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The Pentium Era
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3.8GHz60MHz 65 nm0.25 um
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Intel’s mistake 1 Focus too much on Clock Speed
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Clock Speed Analogy เกียร์ต่ำ 20 Pipeline Stages เกียร์สูง 10 Pipeline Stages
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How a Pipeline Works
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10 Stages vs 20 Stages
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Downside of high pipeline stages
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Intel’s mistake 2 64 Bit CPU Not Backward Compatible
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AMD’s Successful Athlon Processors Better Performance per Watts Backward Compatible 64 Bit System
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The return of Intel
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Multicore Era
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Current CPU Kings Core™ i7-4960X 6 Cores, 4 GHz, 15 MB L2 Cache 22 nm Process, 130Watts. Transistor counter 1,860 Million US$999 AMD FX 9590 8 Cores, 5.0 GHz, 8 MB L2 Cache 32 nm Process, 220Watts Transistor Count 1,200 Million US$195
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Source: vr-zone.com
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AMD + ATI = Fusion CPU + GPU = APU (Accelerated PU) + GPUCPU = APU
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Power per Watt: A new measure for CPU performance Intel ATOM 2-6.5W AMD Jaguar (Fusion) 1-10W VIA Nano 5-25W
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ATOM Processor’s Silicon
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Micro-controller? PIC8051, AVRPSoCMSP430
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Limitations of a microprocessor Needs external components. Memory, controllers, etc. Not suitable for embedded applications Intel 4004
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4001 = ROM 4002 = RAM 4003 = Shift Registers 4004 = CPU © 2009 Nigel Tout
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The 8088 Motherboard
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Ti-TMS1000 (1974) TMS 1000 was the first microcontroller Combined RAM, ROM, Clock on a single chip 0.3MHz ROM 1KB RAM 32B
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The TI Spelling B Instructions ask you to spell words and the machine will buzz when you got it right
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Intel MCS-48 (1977) Intel’s first MCU 11 MHz ROM 1 KB RAM 64B Later became the popular MCS-51
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MCU vs MPU Development: Processing Speed in MHz YearMCUMPU 19700.30.74 19801110 19903320 2000100040 20103700100
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Where do they live?
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MCU in Automobiles
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Performance 4 MIPS at 20 MHz 76,383 MIPS at 3.2 GHz Ref: http://www.wikipedia.org
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Power Consumption Ref: Microchip, Intel 130 Watts 0.15 Watts
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Price Ref: Microchip, Sharkyextreme.com 1,500 - 35,000 Baht 25 - 1,000 Baht
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Right tool right job Self contained Limited resources Used for a specific job Low power Low cost Needs Chipsets Large Memory, fast clock rates More general purpose Requires more power More expensive MicrocontrollerMicroprocessor
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What does the iPhone use?
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iPhone 3GS Internals
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iPhone4 Circuit
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iPhone 4S & iPhone 5 Circuit
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Mixed Design Sometimes called System on a Chip (SoC) MCUMPU
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SoC = A more powerful MCU but with less integration than an MCU
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A6 SoCA5 SoC
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A6 Processor CPU 1.3 GHz Memory Controller RAM 1 GBytes Flash Memory 64 GBytes Graphics Processing I/O Controller Sensor Ports A6 Chip WiFi, Audio Controller
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Microcontroller (i.e. PIC16F886) CPU 20 MHz Memory Controller RAM 368 Bytes Flash Memory 8 KBytes Graphics Processing I/O Controller Sensor Ports
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Future Direction: More Integration
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Integration using Package-on-Package (PoP) 1. Simple Integration using PoP
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Historical example of PoP
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Inside the Pentium-II Slot Package
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2. On-Die Integration In the future, computers may need only one chip
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Essentially, future CPUs will become super MCUs!
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Conclusions ในยุคต้นมุ่งเน้นการเพิ่มความเร็วเป็นหลัก ปัจจุบันมุ่งไปที่ performance per watt มากขึ้น เทคโนโลยีการผลิตที่สูงขึ้นทำให้ Multi-core CPU เป็นที่นิยม ทิศทางใหม่ๆ ของการพัฒนาแบ่งเป็น การรวมศูนย์อุปกรณ์ต่างๆ ไว้ใน Processor มากขึ้น เกิดการแตกสาย Processor เพื่อเจาะ กลุ่มเป้าหมายต่างๆ มากขึ้น
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