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Introduction to Microprocessors

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งานนำเสนอเรื่อง: "Introduction to Microprocessors"— ใบสำเนางานนำเสนอ:

1 Introduction to Microprocessors http://mango.e-cpe.org

2 Microprocessor Image - PC Perspective. http://pcper.com

3 A Brief History x86 Processors

4 Main Player Santa Clara, California, USA

5 Rival #1 Sunnyvale, California, USA

6 Rival #2 Taipei, Taiwan

7 First Microprocessor Intel 4004 (1971) 4 Bits 0.74 MHz 2,300 Transistors 10 Micron

8

9 4004 Application Busicom* 141-PF Calculator

10 Same computing power as the ENIAC = Intel 4004

11 Intel 8086/8088

12 Test Drive I : Runs well on a 8088 machine

13

14 80x86

15 The Pentium Era

16 3.8GHz60MHz 65 nm0.25 um

17 Intel’s mistake 1 Focus too much on Clock Speed

18 Clock Speed Analogy เกียร์ต่ำ 20 Pipeline Stages เกียร์สูง 10 Pipeline Stages

19 How a Pipeline Works

20 10 Stages vs 20 Stages

21 Downside of high pipeline stages

22 Intel’s mistake 2 64 Bit CPU Not Backward Compatible

23 AMD’s Successful Athlon Processors Better Performance per Watts Backward Compatible 64 Bit System

24 The return of Intel

25 Multicore Era

26 Current CPU Kings Core™ i7-4960X 6 Cores, 4 GHz, 15 MB L2 Cache 22 nm Process, 130Watts. Transistor counter 1,860 Million US$999 AMD FX 9590 8 Cores, 5.0 GHz, 8 MB L2 Cache 32 nm Process, 220Watts Transistor Count 1,200 Million US$195

27 Source: vr-zone.com

28

29

30 AMD + ATI = Fusion CPU + GPU = APU (Accelerated PU) + GPUCPU = APU

31 Power per Watt: A new measure for CPU performance Intel ATOM 2-6.5W AMD Jaguar (Fusion) 1-10W VIA Nano 5-25W

32 ATOM Processor’s Silicon

33

34 Micro-controller? PIC8051, AVRPSoCMSP430

35 Limitations of a microprocessor Needs external components. Memory, controllers, etc. Not suitable for embedded applications Intel 4004

36 4001 = ROM 4002 = RAM 4003 = Shift Registers 4004 = CPU © 2009 Nigel Tout

37 The 8088 Motherboard

38 Ti-TMS1000 (1974) TMS 1000 was the first microcontroller Combined RAM, ROM, Clock on a single chip 0.3MHz ROM 1KB RAM 32B

39 The TI Spelling B Instructions ask you to spell words and the machine will buzz when you got it right

40 Intel MCS-48 (1977) Intel’s first MCU 11 MHz ROM 1 KB RAM 64B Later became the popular MCS-51

41 MCU vs MPU Development: Processing Speed in MHz YearMCUMPU 19700.30.74 19801110 19903320 2000100040 20103700100

42 Where do they live?

43

44 MCU in Automobiles

45 Performance 4 MIPS at 20 MHz 76,383 MIPS at 3.2 GHz Ref: http://www.wikipedia.org

46 Power Consumption Ref: Microchip, Intel 130 Watts 0.15 Watts

47 Price Ref: Microchip, Sharkyextreme.com 1,500 - 35,000 Baht 25 - 1,000 Baht

48 Right tool right job Self contained Limited resources Used for a specific job Low power Low cost Needs Chipsets Large Memory, fast clock rates More general purpose Requires more power More expensive MicrocontrollerMicroprocessor

49 What does the iPhone use?

50 iPhone 3GS Internals

51 iPhone4 Circuit

52 iPhone 4S & iPhone 5 Circuit

53 Mixed Design Sometimes called System on a Chip (SoC) MCUMPU

54 SoC = A more powerful MCU but with less integration than an MCU

55 A6 SoCA5 SoC

56 A6 Processor CPU 1.3 GHz Memory Controller RAM 1 GBytes Flash Memory 64 GBytes Graphics Processing I/O Controller Sensor Ports A6 Chip WiFi, Audio Controller

57 Microcontroller (i.e. PIC16F886) CPU 20 MHz Memory Controller RAM 368 Bytes Flash Memory 8 KBytes Graphics Processing I/O Controller Sensor Ports

58 Future Direction: More Integration

59 Integration using Package-on-Package (PoP) 1. Simple Integration using PoP

60 Historical example of PoP

61 Inside the Pentium-II Slot Package

62 2. On-Die Integration In the future, computers may need only one chip

63 Essentially, future CPUs will become super MCUs!

64 Conclusions ในยุคต้นมุ่งเน้นการเพิ่มความเร็วเป็นหลัก ปัจจุบันมุ่งไปที่ performance per watt มากขึ้น เทคโนโลยีการผลิตที่สูงขึ้นทำให้ Multi-core CPU เป็นที่นิยม ทิศทางใหม่ๆ ของการพัฒนาแบ่งเป็น การรวมศูนย์อุปกรณ์ต่างๆ ไว้ใน Processor มากขึ้น เกิดการแตกสาย Processor เพื่อเจาะ กลุ่มเป้าหมายต่างๆ มากขึ้น


ดาวน์โหลด ppt Introduction to Microprocessors

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